Content Words and Function Words

Content Words

It isn't surprising that content words are usually nouns, verbs, adjectives, and sometimes adverbs. Those are the words that help us form a picture in our head; they give us the contents of our story and tell our listener where to focus his or her attention. We want our listener to be able to quickly grasp the main content of our story, so we make the content words easier to hear by bringing attention to them with added stress.

Category	Description	Examples
nouns	people, places, things, and ideas	Patty, Seattle, cars, happiness
main verbs	verbs without auxilliaries	ran, swim, thinks
adjectives	words that describe nouns	red, soft, careful
adverbs (except adverbs of frequency)	words that describe verbs	calmly, quickly, carefully
question words	words that denote a question	who, what, where, when, why
negatives	words that negate	not, never

Function Words

Function words are the words we use to make our sentences grammatically correct. Pronouns, determiners, and prepositions, and auxiliary verbs are examples of function words. If our function words are missing or used incorrectly, we are probably considered poor speakers of English, but our listener would probably still get the main idea of what we are saying. Since function words don't give us the main information, we don't usually want or need to do anything to give them added attention and the words remain unstressed. In addition, sometimes we do things to deliberately push function words into the background... almost the opposite of stressing. This is called reducing.

Category	Description	Examples
auxiliary verbs	verbs that support the main verbs	am, are, has, could, should
prepositions	words that tell relation to other words	at, on, to, near
conjunctions	words that tie clauses together	and, so, but, however
determiners	words that give detail to nouns	a, an, the, some, any
pronouns	words that replace nouns	I, it, we, they, he, she

Not very many aspects of English are concrete, and the idea of stressing content words, but not function words, is a generalization and not a rule. Not every content word is said louder or longer, and not every function word is reduced. A speaker chooses exactly which words to stress based on the message he or she is trying to send.

expression

PENGERTIAN
Expressions adalah beberapa jenis ungkapan yang lazim dipakai dalam berkomunikasi atau percakapan.

BEBERAPA JENIS EXPRESSIONS:
1. Introduction
(Perkenalan)
�� I’d like to introduce myself, ______
�� Let me introduce myself, ______
�� Allow me to introduce myself, ______
�� Let me introduce you to ______
�� This is ______
2. Greeting and Leave –Taking
(Selamat / Bertemu dan Berpisah)
�� How do you do ?
�� How are you ?
�� How are you doing ?
�� How is life ?
�� It is nice to meet you
�� I am very happy to meet you
�� Hello
�� Hi
�� Good morning, afternoon, evening, night
�� Good bye
�� See you later
�� See you soon
�� Cheerio
3. Gratitude and Appreciation
(Terima Kasih dan Penghargaan)
�� Thank you
�� Thank you very much
�� It is very kind of you
�� Congratulation
�� Congratulation on ______
�� Happy ______
�� Have a nice ______
�� Good luck
4. Apology
(Permintaan Maaf)
�� I am sorry
�� I don’t mean to ______
�� Forgive me
�� I hope you forgive me
5. Ability and Disability
(Mampu dan Tidak Mampu)
�� Yes, I can
�� No, I can’t
�� Yes, I am able to ______
�� No, I am not able to ______
�� I think I am able to ______
�� I think I am unable to ______
�� I can’t, I’m afraid

6. Certainty and Uncertainty
(Yakin/Pasti dan Tidak Yakin/Tidak Pasti)
�� I am sure
�� I am not sure
�� I am certain
�� I am not certain
�� I doubt that
�� I can’t decide
�� I don’t know
7. Agreement and Disagreement
(Setuju dan Tidak Setuju)
�� I agree
�� I disagree
�� I absolutely agree
�� I think so
�� I don’t think so
�� You are absolutely right
�� You are right, but ______
8. Like and Dislike
(Suka dan Tidak Suka)
�� I like it
�� I love it
�� I’m very keen on ______
�� I don’t like it
�� I hate it
9. Opinion
(Pendapat)
�� What do you think of ______
�� I think ______
�� Let’s talk about it
�� I wonder ______
�� Give me comments or suggestions, please
10. Asking and Offering
(Meminta dan Menawarkan)
�� Excuse me, May I ______ ?
�� Do you mind ______
�� Would you please ______
�� Would you help me, please ?
�� What can I do for you, _____?
11. Command and Prohibition
(Perintah dan Larangan)
�� Pay attention, please!
�� Listen to me!
�� Keep the room clean!
�� Let’s go!
�� Be on time!
�� Be a good student!
�� Don’t move, please!
�� Don’t go away!
�� Don’t worry!
�� Don’t be late!
�� No talking, please!
�� No smoking!
�� No parking in this area!
12. Warning
(Peringatan)
�� Watch out !
�� Be aware of ______ !
�� Be careful !
13. Preference
(Lebih Suka / Pilihan)
�� I like ______ better than ______
�� I prefer ______ to ______
�� I would rather ______ than ______
14. Exclamation
(Kekaguman)
�� What a wonderful world !
�� What a beautiful girl !
�� How beautiful she is !
�� How big the ship is !
�� It is great !
�� Excellent !
15. Sympathy
(Ikut bersimpati)
�� Take it easy
�� Don’t worry, everything will be all right
�� What a pity
�� I am sorry to hear that
�� Poor you

�� CONTOH SOAL UJIAN NASIONAL ( ‘EXPRESSIONS’ )
1. Shopkeeper : So, are you going to buy this gas stove?
Customer : Yes, but ______.
Shopkeeper : Please don’t worry about it. I believe that it will satisfy you. It has a three – year
guarantee.
(UN 2006/P1)
A. I’m certain the quality is good
B. there ‘s no doubt about the quality
C. I’m not sure about the quality
D. I can’t decide if it is good
PEMBAHASAN: Customer jadi membeli kompor gas (gas stove), tapi masih ragu. Kemudian Shopkeeper berkata “Jangan khawatir”. Maka ungkapan Customer adalah ungkapan merasa tidak yakin (uncertainty), yaitu: “I’m not sure about the quality” (Saya tidak yakin terhadap kualitasnya).
JAWAB: C
2. Lia : Oh, my wallet has been stolen.
Uti : ______. How did it happen?
Lia : Maybe a pickpocket took it when I was on the bus. (UN 2005/P1)
A. That’s a good idea
B. That would be nice
C. That’s great
D. What a pity

PEMBAHASAN: Lia berkata bahwa dompetnya telah dicuri. Maka ungkapan yang tepat adalah‘sympathy’, yaitu ‘What a pity’ (oh kasihan / sayang sekali).
JAWAB: D
3. Student : It seems to me that you are having trouble taking those books. Let me help you, Sir.
Teacher : Oh, ______ (UN 2005/P1)
A. can you help me?
B. that’s very kind of you
C. it’s none of your business
D. why don’t you bring these books
PEMBAHASAN: Siswa menawarkan bantuan. Maka ungkapan yang tepat dari Guru adalah ungkapan ‘gratitude/appreciation’, yaitu: ‘that’s very kind of you’ (Anda sangat baik).
JAWAB: B
4. Father : I’ve got a headache. ______
Mother : Certainly. Here it is.
Father : Thanks. (UN 2003/P2)
A. Can you get me an aspirin, please?
B. Will you take me to a doctor, please?
C. Will you help me hold my head?
D. Do you have time to help me?
PEMBAHASAN: Situasi dialog adalah Ayah sedang sakit kepala. Untuk menentukan kalimat Ayah yang kedua, perhatikan jawaban Ibu: ‘Certainly. Here it is’ (Tentu saja. Ini.). Berarti Ibu mengambilkan Ayah sesuatu. Maka ungkapan yang diucapkan oleh Ayah adalah ‘asking’, yaitu: ‘Can you get me an aspirin, please?’ (Bisakah kamu mengambilkan saya aspirin?).
JAWAB: A
5. Jane : When will you go back to Indonesia?
Rudi : ______. It depends on my study. (UN 2004/P2)
A. I’m sure
B. I’m not certain
C. I absolutely believe
D. I don’t understand
PEMBAHASAN: Perhatikan kalimat Rudi yang kedua: ‘It depends on my study’ (tergantung pada studi-ku). Berarti Rudi merasa tidak yakin atau merasa tidak pasti. Maka kalimat Rudi yang pertama ialah‘uncertainty’: ‘I’m not certain’.
JAWAB: B
6. Doni : How did you travel to Surabaya?
Santi : By “Argo Bromo” train. It’s a very good train. It took me just nine hours.
Doni : ______ (UN 2004/P2)
A. What train is it?
B. What a fast train!
C. How fast is the train?
D. How good the train is.
PEMBAHASAN: Isi percakapan tersebut menyiratkan Kereta Api “Argo Bromo” adalah kereta api cepat. Maka ungkapan Doni adalah ‘exclamation’, yaitu: ‘What a fast train!’ (Wow, betul-betul kereta api yang cepat!atau Alangkah cepatnya kereta api itu!). Ingat, salah satu ciri ‘exclamation’ adalah selalu diakhiri dengan tanda seru.

Expressing of thanks and apologize

             ₊

_{kamu  =  in english}

         &

Ucapan Terima Kasih dalam Bahasa Inggris

Ucapan Terima Kasih dalam Bahasa Inggris

Menghargai orang lain atas bantuan atau benda yang diberikan wajib kita katakan terima kasih. Dalam bahasa inggris, ucapan terima kasih, bukan hanya kata “thank you” tapi ada beberapa kata seperti “much obliged”, “thanks a lot” dan masih banyak lagi. Oleh karenanya kita membahas ucapan terima kasih.

Setidaknya, ada 10 frase atau kata yang bisa Anda gunakan untuk mengucapkan terima kasih.

1. Thanks a lot, Thanks very much, Thank you very much, dan Thank you so much

Frase di atas bisa digunakan untuk mengucapkan terima kasih. Jenis kata diatas diucapkan lebih sopan.

Contoh kalimat:

Thanks a lot for make me happy

Thanks very much for help me do this homework

Thank you very much for bring my bag

Thank you so much for believing what I said.

2. Much Obliged

Kata “much obliged” digunakan pada situasi formal untuk seseorang yang telah membantu Anda.

Contoh:

Tony told Anton that he was much obliged for Anton teamwork.

3. Cheers

Cheers merupakan ungkapan terima kasih kepada seseorang dan sering digunakan dalam British English. Cheers digunakan secara informal, jangan gunakan cheers untuk orang yang belum anda kenal baik. Contoh kalimat:

A: You can take the fruit as many as you want.

B: Oh ya, cheers..

4. Many Thanks

Dalam email ataupun surat, ungkapan ini “many thanks” dapat digunakan dan cara ini lebih ke formal. Contoh:

Many thanks for your attention.

5. You’ve saved my life and dan I owe you one/I owe you big time

Kata tersebut adalah ucapan terima kasih kepada seseorang yang telah membantu Anda dalam situasi yang sulit dengan cara informal.

Contoh kalimat:

You have saved my life because you bring the key!

Thanks for the encourage words, it is so full meaning to me.

6. Thanks a bunch

Thanks a bunch bisanya diucapkan untuk teman Anda, atau dengan kata lain untuk situasi non formal. Tapi hati-hati juga dalam penggunaannya, karena “thanks a bunch” dapat menyindir orang lain, yang tidak membantu Anda.

Contoh kalimat:

Thanks a bunch for mess up my kitchen!

Kalimat di atas berarti terima kasih sudah mengotori dapur saya. Sehingga, lebih tepatnya kata-kata tersebut bermaksud menyindir.

Senin, 15 Oktober 2012

Expressing Thank / Gratitute - Ungkapan Terima Kasih

Ungkapan atau pernyataan terima kasih ( thanking ) lazimnya diucapkan atas kebaikan, pertolongan ataupun usahayang telah dilakukan seseorang kepada kita. Berikut ini adalah ungkapan-ungkapan yang sering kita dnegar dalam percakapan sehari-hari untuk menyatakan rasa terima kasih.

Contoh Expressing Thanks / Gratitute

Thanks you very much for....
(Terima kasih banyak atas)
Thank you so much for.....
( terima kasih banyak atas)
I'm rally very grateful for....
( saya sungguh berterima kasih atas )
Thanks a lot for...
( Terima kasih banyak atas )
Thanks you very much for lending me the money ...
( Trima kasih banyak telah meminjamkanku uang itu )

Expressing Thank / Gratitute dalam bentuk Percakapan

A : Thank you very much for this.
B : You're welcome, I'am glad I could help

Semoga contoh Ungkapan  Terima kasih pada contoh diatas dapat membantu..